SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with his sister <a href="Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="Ban_(Chinese_surname)" title="Ban (Chinese surname)">Ban</a></i>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Ban Chao</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Ming dynasty portrait of Ban Chao</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hant"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">班超</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">32<br>Pingling, <a href="Fufeng_(region)" title="Fufeng (region)">Fufeng</a>, <a href="Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">102 (aged 69–70)<br><a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, Eastern Han</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">班超</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Bān Chāo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Pan Ch'ao</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Zhongsheng<br>(<a href="Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">仲升</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhòngshēng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chung-sheng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Ban Chao</b> (<a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">班超</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><b>Bān Chāo</b></span></i>; <a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><b>Pan<sup>1</sup> Ch'ao<sup>1</sup></b></span></i>; 32–102 CE), <a href="Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Zhongsheng</b>, was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, and military general of the <a href="Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>. He was born in <a href="Fufeng_(region)" title="Fufeng (region)">Fufeng</a>, now <a href="Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, <a href="Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Three of his family members—father <a href="Ban_Biao" title="Ban Biao">Ban Biao</a>, elder brother <a href="Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>, younger sister <a href="Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>—were well known historians who wrote the historical text <i><a href="Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, which recorded the history of the <a href="Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>. As a Han general and cavalry commander, Ban Chao was in charge of administrating the "<a href="Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>" (<a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>) while he was in service. He also led Han forces for over 30 years in the <a href="Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">war</a> against the <a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and re-established Han control over the <a href="Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> region. He was made <a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protector General of the Western Regions</a> by the Han government for his efforts in protecting and governing the regions. Ban Chao is depicted in the <a href="Wu_Shuang_Pu" title="Wu Shuang Pu">Wu Shuang Pu</a> (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.

</p><p>As a well-known historian, Ban Chao's family was poor and he worked as a copy-clerk for the government. <a href="Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a> himself thought highly of him, and appointed him to be a clerk in the orchid terrace, but Ban Chao was too ambitious to be satisfied with a position like that, and was dismissed later. He was said to be a strong willed young adult with complete disregard for formal conduct. After his brother Ban Gu was removed from his post for his works on the <a href="Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Former Han</a>, Ban Chao argued his case. When his brother was appointed to the imperial library, Ban Chao and his mother moved to the imperial capital <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> to accompany him. In 73 however, General <a href="Dou_Gu" title="Dou Gu">Dou Gu</a> embarked on an expedition to attack the Xiongnu, and Ban Chao was appointed as an assistant major. He distinguished himself in command against a Xiongnu detachment, and was appointed by Dou Gu to accompany Officer <a href="Guo_Xun" title="Guo Xun">Guo Xun</a> on a preliminary embassy to the remote western regions. When the group arrived at the capital of Shanshan, King Guang also received an embassy from the Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao and the small group of delegates slaughtered the Xiongnu envoys and sent their heads to the king. Shocked and overwhelmed by Han brutality, King Guang sent hostages to Han as a pact of non-aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was just the start of the many exploits Ban Chao accomplished in the western regions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_of_the_Tarim_Basin">Control of the Tarim Basin</h2></div>

<p>Ban Chao, like his predecessors <a href="Huo_Qubing" title="Huo Qubing">Huo Qubing</a> and <a href="Wei_Qing" title="Wei Qing">Wei Qing</a> from the <a href="Former_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Han dynasty">Former Han dynasty</a> before him, was effective at expelling the <a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> from the <a href="Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, and brought the various people of the Western Regions under Chinese rule during the second half of the 1st century CE, helping to open and secure the trade routes to the west. He was generally outnumbered, but skillfully played on the divisions among his opponents. The kingdoms of <a href="Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> came under Chinese rule by 74 CE. "Pan Ch'ao crushed fresh rebellions in Kashgar (80, 87) and Yarkand (88), and made the <a href="Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> of the <a href="Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> his allies."<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ban Chao was recalled to <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, but then sent again to the Western Region area four years later, during the reign of the new emperor <a href="Emperor_Zhang_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhang of Han China">Han Zhang Di</a>. He obtained the military help of the <a href="Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> in 84 in repelling the <a href="Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> who were trying to support the rebellion of the king of Kashgar, and the next year in his attack on <a href="Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, in the eastern Tarim Basin. Ban Chao ultimately brought the whole of the Tarim Basin under Chinese control.

</p><p>In recognition for their support to the Chinese, the Kushans (referred to as <a href="Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a> in Chinese sources) requested, but were denied, a <a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> princess, even though they had sent presents to the Chinese court. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in 90 CE with a force of 70,000 but were defeated by the smaller Chinese force. The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire. (Later, during the Yuanchu period, 114–120 CE, the Kushans sent a military force to install Chenpan, who had been a hostage among them, as king of Kashgar).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>In 91 CE, Ban Chao finally succeeded in pacifying the Western Regions and was awarded the title of Protector General and stationed at Qiuci (<a href="Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2009,_p._5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2009,_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Wuji Colonel was re-established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, stationed in the Kingdom of Nearer Jushi, within the walls of <a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>, 29 kilometres southeast of <a href="Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2009,_p._5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2009,_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 94 CE, Chao proceeded to again attack and defeat Yanqi [Karashahr]. Subsequently, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, as submission to the Han dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2009,_p._5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2009,_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 97 CE, Ban Chao sent an envoy, <a href="Gan_Ying" title="Gan Ying">Gan Ying</a>, who reached the <a href="Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> or the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and left the first recorded Chinese account of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern authors have claimed that Ban Chao advanced to the <a href="Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, however, this interpretation has been criticized as a misreading.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 102 CE, Ban Chao was retired as <a href="Protector_General_of_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Protector General of the Western Regions">Protector General of the Western Regions</a> due to age and ill health, and returned to the capital <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> at the age of 70, but the following month died there in the 9th month of the 14th Yongyuan year (30 Sept. to 28 Oct. 102). See: <i><a href="Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a></i>, chap 77 (sometimes given as chap. 107).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Territories increased again, and subsequent Chinese emperors did not reach so far to the west again until the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_family_of_historians">A family of historians</h2></div>

<p>Ban Chao also belonged to a family of historians. His father was <a href="Ban_Biao" title="Ban Biao">Ban Biao</a> (3–54 CE) who started the <i>History of the Western Han Dynasty</i> (<i>Hanshu</i>; <i>The <a href="Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>) in 36, which was completed by his son <a href="Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> (32–92)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his daughter <a href="Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a> (Ban Chao's brother and sister). Ban Chao was probably the key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the Western Regions contained in the <i>Hanshu</i>. Ban Chao's grandmother on the paternal side was <a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and was a descendant of the Xiongnu king <a href="Xiutu" title="Xiutu">Xiutu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SC33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partly Xiongnu origins of Ban Chao might help explain his skills in matters related to China's history and foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-SC33_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ban Chao's youngest son <a href="Ban_Yong" title="Ban Yong">Ban Yong</a> (班勇 Bān Yŏng) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the Tarim Basin into the 120s.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_Chao's_family">Ban Chao's family</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Ban_Biao" title="Ban Biao">Ban Biao</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%BD%AA" class="extiw external" title="zh:班彪">班彪</a>; 3–54; father)

<ul><li><a href="Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BA" class="extiw external" title="zh:班固">班固</a>; 32–92; first son)</li>

<li><b>Ban Chao</b> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B6%85" class="extiw external" title="zh:班超">班超</a>; 32–102; second son)

<ul><li>Ban Xiong (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E9%9B%84" class="extiw external" title="zh:班雄">班雄</a>; ?–after 107; Ban Chao's eldest son)

<ul><li>Ban Shi (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%A7%8B" class="extiw external" title="zh:班始">班始</a>; ?–130; Ban Xiong's son)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ban_Yong" title="Ban Yong">Ban Yong</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8B%87" class="extiw external" title="zh:班勇">班勇</a>; ?–after 127; Ban Chao's youngest son)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E6%98%AD" class="extiw external" title="zh:班昭">班昭</a>; 45–116; Ban Chao's sister) She's the one who petitioned the reigning Emperor to let his brother return home from his posting.</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_quotes">Famous quotes</h2></div>

<p>(<a href="Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a>)

</p>

<ul><li>"Throw away your <a href="Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">writing brush</a> and join the military!" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">投筆從戎</span></span>) – based on his words "A brave man has no other plan but to follow <a href="Fu_Jiezi" title="Fu Jiezi">Fu Jiezi</a> and <a href="Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a>'s footsteps and do something and become somebody in a foreign land. How can I waste my life on writing? (大丈夫無他志略，猶當效傅介子、張騫立功異域，以取封侯，安能久事筆硯間乎？) in <i><a href="Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i>.</li>

<li>"...<span class="nowrap"> </span>he who does not enter the tiger's lair will never catch its cubs." (不入虎穴，不得虎子) – similar to the saying "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."</li>

<li>"To die without glory is not the act of valiant men." (死無所名，非壯士也)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Han-Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han-Xiongnu War">Han-Xiongnu War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Yiwulu" title="Battle of Yiwulu">Battle of Yiwulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Crespigny,_Rafe2007" class="citation book cs1">De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9047411840</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238234833">238234833</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/42"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/42">42–47</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Oliver Thomson, <i>A History of Ancient Geography</i>, Cambridge 1948, p. 311. Thomson cites Richthofen, <i>China</i>, 1877, I, 469 and some other authors in support of the claim that Ban Chao marched to the Caspian, and Yule/Cordier, <i>Cathay and the way thither</i>, 1916 p. 40 (pp. 40ff in vol.I of the 2005 edition by Asian Educational Services), Chavannes, <i>Seidenstrassen</i>, p. 8, and Teggart, <i>Rome and China</i> as references for such claims being erroneous.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavannes (1906), p. 243.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Sanping (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928567">"Two Notes on the Xiongnu Ancestry of the Authors of "Han-shu""</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>36. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928567">41928567</a>.</cite><br>

<cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Anthony E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUF0ZCTRPwEC&pg=PA44"><i>Ban Gu's history of early China</i></a>. Amherst (N.Y.): Cambria press. p. 44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60497-561-1</bdi>. <q>The "Basic Annals of Emperor Wen" is a chapter that Biao seems to have written entirely. Ban Biao appears as the commentator in the final remarks of the chapter. The passage states, 贊曰﹕臣外祖兄弟為元帝侍中，語臣曰元帝多才藝，美史書．The Eulogy states: My (your minister's) maternal grandmother's older and younger brothers were made the palace retainers of Emperor Yuan. They informed me that Emperor Yuan had several talents in the arts and considered historical books attractive.<br>The "minister" in this Eulogy is usually identified as Ban Biao. The Han commentator, Ying Shao, noted that "the annals of both Yuan and Cheng were written by Ban Biao; when 'chen' 臣 (i.e., 'minister') is used, the speaker is Biao. The distaff relative mentioned is Jin Chang" 元，成帝紀皆班固父彪所作，臣則彪自說也．外祖，金敞也.</q></cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SC33-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SC33_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC33_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Sanping (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928567">"Two Notes on the Xiongnu Ancestry of the Authors of "Han-shu""</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>36. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928567">41928567</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Anthony E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUF0ZCTRPwEC&pg=PA44"><i>Ban Gu's history of early China</i></a>. Amherst (N.Y.): Cambria press. p. 44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60497-561-1</bdi>. <q>The "Basic Annals of Emperor Wen" is a chapter that Biao seems to have written entirely. Ban Biao appears as the commentator in the final remarks of the chapter. The passage states, 贊曰﹕臣外祖兄弟為元帝侍中，語臣曰元帝多才藝，美史書．The Eulogy states: My (your minister's) maternal grandmother's older and younger brothers were made the palace retainers of Emperor Yuan. They informed me that Emperor Yuan had several talents in the arts and considered historical books attractive.<br>The "minister" in this Eulogy is usually identified as Ban Biao. The Han commentator, Ying Shao, noted that "the annals of both Yuan and Cheng were written by Ban Biao; when 'chen' 臣 (i.e., 'minister') is used, the speaker is Biao. The distaff relative mentioned is Jin Chang" 元，成帝紀皆班固父彪所作，臣則彪自說也．外祖，金敞也.</q></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<ul><li><a href="Chavannes%2C_%C3%89douard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavannes, Édouard">Chavannes, Édouard</a> (1906). "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32–102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du <i>Heou Han chou</i>." <i>T’oung pao</i> 7, pp. 210–269.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John E. (2009). <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE</i>. BookSurge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4392-2134-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><i>The Tarim Mummies</i>. J.P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair (2000). Thames & Hudson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-500-05101-1</bdi></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Yap, Joseph P. (2019). <i>The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1792829154</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Chinese_travellers_and_explorers57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese travellers and explorers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> (164 BC–113 BC)</li>

<li> (1st century)</li>

<li><a href="Gan_Ying" title="Gan Ying">Gan Ying</a> (1st century)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (337–422)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (602–664)</li>

<li><a href="Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li>

<li><a href="Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li>

<li><a href="Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li>

<li><a href="Wang_Xuance" title="Wang Xuance">Wang Xuance</a> (fl. 7th c.)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jakuen" title="Jakuen">Jakuen</a> (1207–1299)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a> (1220–1294)</li>

<li><a href="Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> (1270-?)</li>

<li><a href="Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a> (fl. 1311–1350)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chen_Cheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Chen Cheng (Ming dynasty)">Chen Cheng</a> (1365–1457)</li>

<li><a href="Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> (1371–1435)</li>

<li><a href="Yishiha" title="Yishiha">Yishiha</a> (1409–1451)</li>

<li><a href="Xu_Xiake" title="Xu Xiake">Xu Xiake</a> (1587–1641)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_dynasty_topics347" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Han_dynasty_topics347" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> (<a href="Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="L%C3%BC_Clan_disturbance" title="Lü Clan disturbance">Lü Clan disturbance</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States" title="Rebellion of the Seven States">Rebellion of the Seven States</a></li>

<li><a href="Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han dynasty in Inner Asia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Han conquest of Gojoseon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Southward expansion</a> (<a href="Han_campaigns_against_Minyue" title="Han campaigns against Minyue">Han–Minyue War</a></li>

<li><a href="Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest of Nanyue</a></li>

<li><a href="Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">Han conquest of Dian</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">First Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Trung_sisters'_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">Second Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Red Eyebrows</a> and <a href="Lulin" title="Lulin">Lulin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chengjia" title="Chengjia">Chengjia</a></li>

<li><a href="Disasters_of_the_Partisan_Prohibitions" title="Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions">Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">End of the Han dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Society_and_culture_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Society and culture of the Han dynasty">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Flying_Horse_of_Gansu" title="Flying Horse of Gansu">Flying Horse of Gansu</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Eight_Immortals_of_Huainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Immortals of Huainan">Eight Immortals of Huainan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Mawangdui Silk Texts</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Texts</a></li>

<li><a href="Han_poetry" title="Han poetry">Han poetry</a>

<li><a href="Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Government</a> and <a href="Military_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Military of the Han dynasty">military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a>

<li><a href="Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">Kings</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty">Provinces and commanderies</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (<a href="Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translation of government titles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Coinage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Luoxia_Hong" title="Luoxia Hong">Luoxia Hong</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ancient_Script_Texts" title="Ancient Script Texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Lunheng" title="Lunheng">Balanced Discourse</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shiben" title="Shiben">Book of Origins</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Jingui_Yaol%C3%BCe" title="Jingui Yaolüe">Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shanghan_Lun" title="Shanghan Lun">Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000028529919">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/26040300">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/163325">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8Pcy9rMfyK7d3bv9FKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85146795">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/addeebfe-fad6-431d-ac6e-a7fec6cdde6c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-09-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ban_Chao&oldid=1243855317">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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